This essay is my answer to an essay question I gave my personal adjustment class on their take-home final:
In positive psychology, there are two theories of self-esteem, and they lie at polar opposites to each other. One is sociometer theory, which says we get our self-esteem by how others see us, and the other is self-affirmation theory, which says we get our self-esteem by what we tell ourselves.
The general belief in popular culture that affirmations can help our mood is based on self-affirmation theory. I will admit that my daily affirmations -- "I am worthy of love/I am worthy of luck/I am worthy of success/I am worthy of good things" make me look at my life more positively.
But my gut tells me that sociometer theory may be dominant in explaining self-esteem. We have a natural need to fit in. It's a survival mechanism, so it's only natural that we base our self-esteem by the ability to fit in. When we look at bullying and its relationship to teen suicides, we see sociometer theory at work, because bullies target the victim's need to look outward for self-esteem.
On the other hand, society needs outsiders as well, people who don't fit in, because that's where societal change happens. Maybe those people (and I consider myself one of those people) use self-affirmation to have the strength to live their lives courageously. I find myself longing that I could fit in, because it would be so much easier, but I work hard on my self-affirmations so I can continue to function.
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